'Sakanoue Tamuramaro in a Rain of Arrows' by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1876. From the series 'A Mirror Of Famous Generals Of Japan'. This image is also available on:
Sakanoue Tamuramaro was the first recorded man in Japanese history to hold the title 'Shogun'. The literal meaning of Shogun is 'Commander of the Army', and is a shortened form of 'Sei-i Taishogun', which means 'commander-in-chief of the army for the subjugation of the barbarians'. Sakanoue was appointed Shogun around 797, centuries before the rise of the samurai and the long period of Shogunal rule, when military dictators governed Japan and the Emperors were reduced to mere figureheads. In Sakanoue's time, only the southwestern half of the archipelago was under Yamato (Japanese) control, with northern Honshu and Hokkaido still in the hands of native tribesmen, known to the Japanese as 'Emishi' (relatives of the Ainu still found in Hokkaido). Sakanoue was ordered by Emperor Kanmu to lead an army north and bring the barbarians under imperial rule as part of a long, ongoing conflict which began in 773. Sakanoue's campaign was a great success, leading to the successful conclusion of the Thirty-Eight Years' War in 811. Although the eventual rule of the Yamato Japanese Empire over the whole of Honshu was now a foregone conclusion, the northern provinces remained a dangerous frontier territory for several more centuries, and settlement of Hokkaido didn't begin until the 15th century. Even then, the Ainu remained largely independent outside the handful of Japanese settlements, and it wasn't until the 19th century that Hokkaido was fully integrated into the Japanese state.
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